APOB and cardiovascular disorder: In this study, HDL and Apo A1 levels, which are negatively associated with cardiovascular disease risk, were significantly decreased in SMA children, while the cardiovascular risk indicators, TC/HDL, LDL/HDL, and Apo B/Apo A1 ratios (Millán et al., 2009), were significantly higher, suggesting a potentially increased risk of cardiovascular diseases.