PKM and cancer: ERK1/2 signaling has been reported to promote induction of transcriptional regulators of glycolysis such as c-Myc and HIF-1α, downregulation of various glycolytic genes including GLUT1, GLUT3, and HK-II, or nuclear translocation of PKM2, which is the molecular basis linking ERK1/2 signaling to the Warburg effect in cancer cells [19].