Our further studies revealed that APS increased the expressions of GLUT2 and signaling molecules in the STRs pathway in the intestinal and pancreatic of T2DM rats, promoted intestinal glucose uptake and GLP-1 secretion, coordinated pancreatic insulin secretion and improved the symptoms of T2DM (Wang et al., 2019; Yang et al., 2021). This evidence concerns the gene INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus.