NPPA and Myocardial fibrosis: The wall thickness of anterior, posterior, and ventricular septum along with myocyte sizes and myocardial fibrosis area were significantly increased (Supplementary Figures S1A,B); the weight ratios of the whole heart/body weight and left ventricle/body weight were significantly higher but the weight ratio of lung/body weight remained unchanged (Supplementary Figure S1C); myocardial mRNA levels of hypertrophic biomarkers including ANP, β-MHC, and TGF-β were significantly increased (Supplementary Figure S1D).