CCL2 and cancer: Cancer cells use the Notch signalling pathway to form a microenvironment of cancer-promoting factors by promoting the secretion of cancer-related inflammatory cytokines, such as IFN-γ, which regulates immune cell function; and IL-1β and CCL2, which mediate immune infiltration, the release of senescence-related cytokines and immunosuppression, thereby suppressing the immune response (Cortesi et al., 2021; Wang L. et al., 2022; Zhou et al., 2022).