However, sevoflurane inhibits FoxO1, regulates p21 and increases the expression of TNF-α, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) and IL-6, which may increase the polarization of M1 macrophages, induce a central nervous system (CNS) inflammatory response, and lead to cognitive impairment (Fu et al., 2020). The gene discussed is CCL2; the disease is Cognitive impairment.