Notably, another study demonstrated that sevoflurane upregulated inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), inhibited the NF-κB pathway, enhanced the LPS-stimulated phagocytosis of macrophages on bacteria, and improved the bactericidal and anti-inflammatory mechanisms of endotoxemia (Gerber et al., 2019). This evidence concerns the gene NOS2 and serum lipopolysaccharide activity.