The volatile anesthetic sevoflurane modulates macrophage recruitment, polarization, differentiation, apoptosis and pyroptosis by regulating the caspase-1, reactive oxygen species (ROS), forkhead box O1 (FoxO1), p21, and glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3β)/nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathways, which are involved in local immunity and tumor growth (Jin et al., 2013; Fu et al., 2020; Sztwiertnia et al., 2020; Cai et al., 2021a). Here, FOXO1 is linked to neoplasm.