TWIST1 and chronic kidney disease: The upregulation of intrarenal β-catenin protein expression was accompanied by the upregulation of downstream β-catenin proteins, including Snail1, Twist, MMP-7, PAI-1, and FSP1, in CKD rats, while treatment with SKI and the three anthraquinones significantly inhibited this upregulation of protein expression in CKD rats (Figures 3A,B).