AFP and neoplasm: Clinicopathologic factors associated with necrosis/fibrosis rather than teratoma or viable tumour within the residual mass at pcRPLND included: the absence of teratomatous elements in orchidectomy; a greater change in mass size during chemotherapy and a smaller size of post-chemotherapy residual mass; seminoma as a component of a mixed GCT resected at orchidectomy; and normal serum bHCG and AFP at the commencement of chemotherapy.