Furthermore, though no significant difference shown in anti-S IgG or neutralizing antibody titers in NHP immunized with 2×ChAd-S or with ChAd-S>IV, the heterologous vaccine (ChAd-S>IV) appeared to reduce the activation of IFN-γ producing Th1 T cells compared to the 2×ChAd-S vaccine post infection, which might be an index of reduction of pulmonary inflammation (Figure 5A). The gene discussed is IFNG; the disease is infection.