Additionally, upon different viral infections, including cytomegalovirus (MCMV) and Sendai virus (SeV), both of which are associated with the ALI/ARDS development (182, 183), vaccinia virus-related kinase two is associated with voltage-dependent anion channel 1 (VDAC1) and promoted VDAC1 oligomerization and mtDNA release, leading to the cGAS-mediated innate immune response (178). The gene discussed is CGAS; the disease is acute respiratory distress syndrome.