Therefore, the persistent expression of IL-6, PAI-1, and TGFβ may amplify senescence across lung tissue by reinforcing senescence, inducing senescence in other cells, and contributing to the accumulation of p21WAF1/CIP1-dependent and p16INK4A-dependent senescent cells from the early phase throughout BLM-ILD. Here, SERPINE1 is linked to interstitial lung disease.