PRL and breast carcinoma: With a majority of the included studies in this review having made reasonable adjustments for potential confounders such as clinical history, lifestyle factors and socioeconomic background, with several studies reporting increased breast cancer risk in prolactin-elevating antipsychotics (Pottegård et al., 2018; Taipale et al., 2021; Rahman et al., 2022), the observed association may likely be attributed to these biological mechanisms as described.