TNF and metabolic disease: Prolonged hyperglycaemia observed in early or poorly controlled diabetes presents a metabolic disease with inflammatory sequelae and with upregulation of nuclear factor-KB (NF-KB), which subsequently increases TNF-α and drives a follow-on production of IL-6 and CRP (Yang et al. 2019; Mu et al. 2017, Patel and Santani 2009).