MUC1 and neoplasm: The tumor biomarker levels of cancer antigen 15-3 (CA 15-3), cancer antigen 19-9 (CA 19-9), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), cytokeratin fragment 21-1 (CYFPRA 21-1), and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) were significantly higher in individuals with CVD when compared to individuals without CVD [23].