Won et al. [29] observed the activation of DNA repair pathways in patients who underwent MPI, by evaluating the phosphorylation of histone 2AX, protein p53 or serine/threonine protein kinase (ATM) in peripheral blood T lymphocytes by flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry, as well as the mRNA expression of repair genes such as BCL2 associated X, damage specific DNA binding protein 2, or Tp53 (a tumor-suppressing gene). Here, ATM is linked to neoplasm.