Kumar Pachathundikandi et al. have shown that H. pylori-infection induced the transcription factor NF-κB stimulation and release of IL-8 and TNF-α in a cagPAI-dependent way in THP-1 monocytes, which was associated with enhanced TLR-2 and TLR-5 expressions (Kumar Pachathundikandi et al. 2011). Here, TLR5 is linked to infection.