GFAP and hemorrhagic stroke: Furthermore, prior studies on serum sGFAP in stroke mostly used conventional ELISA techniques (as opposed to the ultrasensitive SIMOA assay applied in our work), analyzed more heterogenous cohorts of acute ischemic stroke patients with more severe strokes and mainly concentrated on the differentiation between ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke subtypes, thereby consistently showing higher GFAP levels in patients with acute intracerebral hemorrhage [2–7, 15, 16].