Thus, anti-MIF treatment may be therapeutically beneficial in phenotype-related arterial remodelling.19 Moreover, inhibition of MIF/CD74 signalling reduced the extent of MIF-induced atrial arrhythmia in mice.4 A previous study indicated that MIF was related to electrical remodelling with AF, probably through falling ICa-L amplitudes and activating proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Src in the atrial myocytes.20 The current study also suggests that pharmacological intervention through direct MIF inhibition may modulate PV arrhythmogenesis. Here, MIF is linked to atrial fibrillation.