Therefore, we selected SOX2, KRT5 and KRT14 stemness gene proteins, PD-L1 immune related proteins, vimentin protein, and EpCAM protein, all of which influence epithelial carcinogenesis, to explore whether the mechanism at the cell level corresponds to lung squamous cell carcinoma pathogenesis (Fig. 11). This evidence concerns the gene CD274 and squamous cell lung carcinoma.