The ratio of Th1 and Th17 cells in T1DM patients increases, and the expression of pro-inflammatory factors such as IL-17A, IFN-γ, and IL-2 secreted by them is up-regulated, which aggravates the inflammatory response in the body, and the ratio and function of Tregs cells are weakened, and the expression of anti-inflammatory factors such as IL-10 and TGF-β is down-regulated, leading to a decrease in the body's ability to suppress inflammation38–40. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and type 1 diabetes mellitus.