CXCL10 and type 1 diabetes mellitus: In T1D, islet CXCL10 expression occurs in early stages (Roep et al., 2010; Uno et al., 2010) and serum levels of CXCL10 are elevated in recent-onset compared with long-term T1D individuals (auto-Ab+) (Shimada et al., 2001).