Th1 cytokines (IL-2, IL-12, IFN-γ, TNF-α, etc.)mainly induce cell-mediated immunity and have a beneficial effect in reducing cervical lesions, while Th2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, etc.)and Th17 cytokines (IL-17, IL-22, etc.)have the potential to create a favourable environment for tumour development (Carrero et al. 2021). Here, TNF is linked to neoplasm.