The ‘Human UP’ genes include FOXP2, MTRNR2L8, DHX40, VPS13B, WDFY2 and PURB, all of which are associated with neurodevelopment or neurodegenerative disease (Abrajano et al., 2009; Hickey et al., 2019; Kamboh et al., 2019; Kolehmainen et al., 2003; MacDermot et al., 2005; Mathys et al., 2019; Sin et al., 2015; Taher et al., 2014). Here, FOXP2 is linked to neurodegenerative disease.