EDF1 and bacterial infectious disease: EDF1 and COX4I1 are known to play an important role in regulating mitochondrial oxygen production, and ROS levels significantly spiked at 1.5 h after bacterial infection along with increased levels of EDF1 and COX4I1; but decreased levels of COX4I1 can induced host defense against Listeria by triggering mitochondrial ROS (42, 43).