PTGS2 and ulcer disease: The plant's beneficial effect was investigated using an ethanol-induced gastric model, which stimulated ulcers through a variety of mechanisms such as free radicals OH, NO production, mucus exhaustion, mucosal damage, and the release of superoxide anion, which ultimately prolonged tissue oxidative stress and numerous studies have suggested that proinflammatory mediators such as interleukin-8 (IL-8), TNF-α, COX-2 upregulation, and NF-ƙB activation, play a role in inflammatory cascades (Khan et al., 2011).