Stepwise logistic regression identified the best variables for inclusion in the machine learning model, including intraoperative dural tear (OR 8.436, 95% CI 2.729-25.334), diabetes (OR 9.129 3.816-23.126), history of rheumatic disease (OR 8.471, 1.743-39.567), and preoperative albumin level (OR 0.659 0.563-0.756) (Figure 2(b)). Here, ALB is linked to Epiphora.