AF detection in CS patients is predicted by age, left atrial enlargement,prolonged PR interval, frequent premature atrial contractions, interatrialconduction block, diabetes, prior brain infarctions, leukoaraiosis, elevatedB-type natriuretic peptide (BNP)/N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide(NT-proBNP) levels, and a family history of AF, as well as composed scores(e.g. CHA2DS2-VASc, atrial fibrillation in embolicstroke of undetermined source (AF-ESUS)). This evidence concerns the gene NPPB and Left atrial enlargement.