TNF and inflammatory bowel disease: TNFα is a pro-inflammatory cytokine produced by monocytes during acute inflammation and is implicated in a range of events leading to cell necrosis or apoptosis.324 TNFα was able to induce JMJD2D expression in dendritic cells and macrophages,23 and the demethylation of H3K9 by JMJD2D in turn participated in the TNFα response.325 In response to colon injury caused by inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), TNF-α secreted by macrophages activates the NF-κB signaling, upregulating JMJD2D in the colon epithelial cells.326