As AD skin is commonly colonized with S. aureus, one may expect that neutrophils and their derived IL-1β act as double-sided sword, on the one hand contributing to S. aureus clearance, and on the other hand, as shown in this study, contributing to the promotion and exacerbation of skin allergic sensitization, which provides one plausible explanation for the association of S. aureus in AD with the development of atopic march57. Here, IL1B is linked to neoplasm.