TLR4 and colorectal carcinoma: Another study also showed that LPS promotes CRC progression by activating TLR4-MyD88-NF-κB signalling in response to Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn) (Zhu et al., 2016), which has been reported to be positively associated with CRC carcinogenesis (Gethings-Behncke et al., 2020; Villar-Ortega et al., 2022); this signalling pathway can activate the Wnt/β-catenin pathway through upregulation of cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5), thus promoting the proliferation and migration of cells.