The above results were supported by the following MTT assay that M2-CM rescued cell viability in TMZ-treated GBM cells, which were revered by LY294002 cotreatment and Nrf2 ablation (Figures 7(c) and 7(d)), suggesting that M2 macrophage-secreted VEGF to promote GBM aggressiveness, stemness, and TMZ resistance via activating the PI3K/Akt/Nrf2 pathway. Here, AKT1 is linked to glioblastoma.