PDIA3 and lung carcinoma: Many previous studies have also shown that PDIA3 is expressed in various tumors such as gastric cancer, prostate cancer, kidney cancer, melanoma, cervical cancer, ovarian cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, colon cancer, liver cancer, and throat cancer, and it is associated with tumor progression, metastasis, and patient survival prognosis [14–17].