Furthermore, a previous study identified S100A8 and S100A9 involved neuron-to-astrocyte signaling process that may be important for astrocytoma formation, more specifically, the increased expression of S100A8 and S100A9 in neurons is an early and critical step in tumorigenic Kras-induced gliosis, which offers some important insights into their potential role in pre-cancer 70. Here, S100A9 is linked to astrocytoma (excluding glioblastoma).