MMP9 and cancer: Further, this sterol was also found to modulate the expression of several proteins such as cyclin D1, c-Myc, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF); and anti-apoptotic proteins such as inhibitor of apoptosis protein 1 (IAP1), X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP), B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), Bcl-2-related protein A1 (Bfl-1/A1), cellular FLICE (FADD-like IL-1β-converting enzyme)-inhibitory protein (cFLIP), and survivin in various cancer models [64].