MTOR and urinary bladder carcinoma: While the TPC-mediated effects in astrocytes occurred in an mTOR-independent manner [63], pharmacological inhibition of TPC2 in HGC-27 gastric cancer, T24 and 5637 bladder cancer cells and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells induced autophagy by inhibiting mTOR signaling pathway [67–69], suggesting that TPC2- mediated positive regulation of autophagy in normal cells may occur in an mTOR-independent manner, but that TPC-mediated negative regulation of autophagy may occur in an mTOR-dependent manner.