In this study, the expression of VEGFB also gradually increased as the trajectory evolved (Figure 4F), and the expression of SPP1, which could promote tumor progression (Chiou et al., 2019; He et al., 2021), also increased with the evolution of pseudo time, suggesting that M2 macrophages might promote angiogenesis during the progression of LUAD. This evidence concerns the gene SPP1 and neoplasm.