Mehta et al. (2014) previously identified 116 genes, the expression of which in the third trimester of pregnancy predicted postpartum depression scores. These transcripts were significantly enriched for estrogen receptor targets and showed dynamic changes in expression over the perinatal period in women with higher levels of postpartum depressive symptoms. This team (Mehta et al., 2019) found that DNA methylation levels across these same estrogen receptor-sensitive genes are also associated with postpartum depressive symptoms. This evidence concerns the gene ESR1 and depressive symptom measurement.