TNF and neoplasm: - ↑ Th2 immune response and inhibits Th1 by promoting the release of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10 and transforming growth factor (TGF-β)- ↑ IL-1β transcription and secretion- ↑ IL12, IL-2, TNF, IFN production- ↑ tumor-specific CTL activity- modulate NK cells activity and killing towards tumor cells