TGFB1 and neoplasm: CAFs are derived from resident fibroblasts and other cells such as smooth muscle cells, vascular pericytes and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal cells, adipocytes and this process is caused by various factors [stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF1), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2)] produced by tumor cells and immune cells (18, 80–83).