Studies on mouse models of AD indicate that LPS-stimulated microglial cells produce increased amounts of IL-1β which in turn stimulates astrocytes to produce chemokines, such as chemokine C-C motif ligand 2 (CCL2), chemokine C-X-C motif ligand 1 (CXCL1) and chemokine C-X-C motif ligand 10 (CXCL10) (Lopez-Rodriguez et al., 2021). Here, CXCL1 is linked to Alzheimer disease.