IFNGR1 activates the downstream Janus kinase (JAK) signal transducer of transcription (STAT) signaling pathway (33), which is also significantly enriched in our TNFα-upregulated network (in addition to IFNGR1, IL23A, CSF2, IL7R, and IL20RB) (Supplementary Table S2), indicating the potential of JAK-STAT signaling pathway as a therapeutic target in IC/BPS. Here, IL7R is linked to Bartsocas-Papas syndrome 1.