TNF and interstitial cystitis: IC/BPS patients have altered urothelial cell expression of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, including IL1β, and TNFα (14, 43), while urine samples from IC/BPS patients contain elevated levels of IL1β, IL8, CXCL1, CXCL10 (44–47), possibly derived from urothelial cells, as observed in our study, where significantly higher concentration of these cytokines and chemokines was determined in TNFα-stimulated cells.