While the data above confirm a role for IFN-γ regulating development of mucosal epithelial malignancy, the decelerated tumorigenesis in the DKO model may also be linked to a more slow expansion of tissue-resident memory T cells, which are known to require TGF-β for their differentiation and accumulate in the mucosa of IBD patients (39, 40). Here, TGFB1 is linked to inflammatory bowel disease.