Using an acute murine model of CS exposure which could mimic exacerbation phases of COPD or pulmonary diseases, already used to describe recent papers (32, 33), we showed that Nlrp3- or Caspase-1/11-deficiency or pharmacological treatment with the NLRP3 inhibitor MCC950 strongly reduced pulmonary inflammation and remodeling. The gene discussed is NLRP3; the disease is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.