TNF and colitis: Wang et al. found that exosomes from Staphylococcus enterotoxin A (SEA)-treated DCs could regulate the production of inflammatory cytokines in mice with acute DSS-induced colitis, which could reduce the expression of the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α, interferon (IFN)-γ, IL-17A, IL-12, and IL-22.