As shown in Figure 4g, the normalized MDM2 signal was amplified in the EVs isolated from RL tumour compared to those isolated from paired NAT (mean MDM2 signal ISH: NAT EVs = 2.55 ± sd 1.23, tumour EVs = 31.96 ± sd 12.4; p = 0.0059). Here, MDM2 is linked to neoplasm.