In addition to the proposed tumor-related mechanisms of pneumothorax development, a study by Kasahara et al. in animal models showed that long-term therapy with VEGF inhibitors resulted in the distortion of the alveolar structure through the induction of cell apoptosis, indicating that this may contribute to the development of emphysema [35], which is a risk factor for pneumothorax. Here, VEGFA is linked to neoplasm.