ICA: islet cell antibody; GAD: glutamic acid decarboxylase; IA-2A: islet antigen-2 autoantibody; IL-4: interleukin-4; IL-6: interleukin-6; TGF-β1: Transforming growth factor beta 1; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor alpha; T1D: type 1 diabetes; HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c; FBS: fasting blood sugar; PPBS: post prandial blood sugar; ADSC: adipose-derived stem cells; IPC: insulin-producing cells; ED: erectile dysfunction. The gene discussed is GAD1; the disease is type 1 diabetes mellitus.