TNF and cancer: Inflammatory factors, such as tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), participate in carcinogenesis, which mediates cellular signal transduction, reduces tumor inhibitory function, increases cell cycling, and induces oncogene expression.[40] In contrast, inhibition of inflammatory factors, such as NF-κB, can reduce the incidence of cancer.