TUNEL staining showed that the apoptosis rate of tumour cells in the FIIN-2 group was significantly increased compared with the control and CQ groups, which was further increased in the FIIN-2 combined with CQ group (Figs. 6f and S2f), accompanied by the upregulation of cleaved Caspase-3 (Figs. 6e, S2e). The gene discussed is CASP3; the disease is neoplasm.