Interestingly, it has been reported that the Influenza A virus (IAV) NS1 protein targets RNF135-dependent ubiquitination and activation of RIG-I for suppressing antiviral IFN production.223 These immune escape strategies implicate the biological importance of RNF135-mediated RIG-I activation during viral infection, which provides potential therapeutic targets of RNF135 for controlling HCV/IAV infection and HCV-related diseases. Here, RIGI is linked to viral infectious disease.