CGAS and viral infectious disease: NF-κB is a crucial dimeric transcription factor in antiviral innate immune responses, whose predominant form consists of p50 (NF-κB1) and p65 (RelA) subunits.276 NF-κB is expressed in the cytoplasm of all cell types and remains inactive through associating with IκBα to inhibit its translocation to the nucleus.277 The NF-κB pathway is activated by signaling through multiple receptors, including TLRs, RLRs, and cGAS, leading to inflammatory cytokines and IFN-I.278,279 After viral infection, the IKK signalosome complex is activated by upstream adaptors or kinases.