TRIM31 and viral infectious disease: They efficiently induce hundreds of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) production through the JAK-STAT signaling pathway to establish an antiviral state by controlling and restricting viral infection and replication.183 RNF proteins act as critical regulators of PRRs signaling pathways, such as TLRs, RLRs, the DNA sensor cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS), and the downstream JAK-STAT signaling pathway, as well as acquired immunity.